What is a small computer on a chip that can perform different functions called?

A small computer on a chip that can perform different functions is referred to as a microcontroller. Microcontrollers are specifically designed for control applications and often include a processor, memory, and input/output peripherals on a single integrated circuit. This compact design allows microcontrollers to manage various tasks in embedded systems, such as in appliances, vehicles, and industrial automation.

Microcontrollers differ from microprocessors, which are primarily focused on executing instructions for general-purpose computing and usually require external components for memory and interfacing. While embedded systems incorporate microcontrollers, they refer to the complete system designed for a specific application rather than the chip itself. Nanocomputer is not a standard term in the context of small computing devices, and it typically refers to research-oriented projects rather than established technologies. Therefore, labeling a microcontroller as the small computer on a chip aptly captures its functionality and design purpose within a wide range of applications.