What is the process of heat transfer through fluid motion in liquids or gases called?

The process of heat transfer through fluid motion in liquids or gases is known as convection. This phenomenon occurs when the fluid itself moves, carrying thermal energy with it. For instance, when a liquid is heated, it becomes less dense and rises, while cooler, denser liquid sinks. This movement creates a circulation pattern that effectively transfers heat throughout the fluid.

In contrast, conduction refers to heat transfer through direct contact between materials, without the movement of the materials themselves. Radiation involves the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves, which does not require a medium to travel through. Insulation is the use of materials to reduce the rate of heat transfer, rather than a process of heat transfer itself. Convection specifically highlights the role of fluid motion in facilitating heat transfer, making it the correct answer in this context.