What is the process of deforming metal below recrystallization temperature, which increases strength through work hardening?

The process of deforming metal below its recrystallization temperature is known as cold working. During cold working, metal is shaped and elongated through various methods such as rolling, bending, or drawing, while remaining below the temperature at which recrystallization occurs. This strain introduces dislocation within the metal's crystal structure, leading to an increase in strength and hardness through a phenomenon called work hardening or strain hardening.

Cold working results in alterations to the material's properties, enhancing its strength without changing some of its other attributes, such as grain structure. As the metal is deformed, the dislocations become entangled, making it increasingly difficult for further dislocations to move. This results in a material that is stronger but often less ductile compared to its original state.

In contrast, hot working involves deformation at temperatures above the recrystallization point, allowing the material to flow more easily and reduces internal stresses, while heat treatment and quenching involve altering the properties of metals through controlled heating and cooling processes, rather than mechanical deformation.