Which type of semiconductors have holes as the majority charge carriers?

P-type semiconductors are characterized by having holes as the majority charge carriers. In these materials, the doping process introduces elements that have fewer valence electrons than the semiconductor material itself, typically trivalent elements like boron or aluminum in a silicon substrate. When these dopants are added, they create "holes," or vacancies where an electron could exist, thereby contributing to conductivity.

In P-type semiconductors, the lack of electrons means that holes are abundant, allowing them to move through the material and carry a positive charge. This movement of holes results in the conduction of electric current. Conversely, in N-type semiconductors, electrons are the majority charge carriers, while intrinsic semiconductors have equal numbers of electrons and holes, meaning they do not have a dominant charge carrier type. Superconductors, on the other hand, are materials that can conduct electricity without resistance at very low temperatures and do not fall into the same category as semiconductors.